Goggle safety Education : Safety Device / How To select Gas Detectors / Safety Goggles/ safety

Gas detectors have been around for a long time, starting with that infamous methane sniffing canary, which sadly was a one-shot device, which when subjected to methane, tended to die rather quickly with no audio and visual alarm capabilities other than a slight cheep and a total lack of motion. Fortunately technology has advanced significantly and we find ourselves at this point in time with some very sophisticated electronic equipment. But even the most sophisticated technology is useless if the sensors used are unable to detect the gases present. The three main atmospheric hazards that you test for prior to and throughout a confined space entry are:

Combustibles (Flammables)
Eg: Methane

• Propane
• Gasoline
• Various other site-specific hydrocarbons (specific to your industry)

Oxygen – Deficiency and enrichment

Toxics
Eg: Hydrogen Sulfide

• Carbon Monoxide
• Toxic Hydrocarbons
• Various other site-specific toxics (specific to your industry)

Depending on its sensor configuration, proper gas detection equipment can help identify the hazard
and protect your workers. Selecting a gas detector should be based on the hazard faced. Unfortunately far too many purchasers make one of the largest and most crucial single equipment expenditures without really understanding what they are buying. Sensors and their capabilities are the single most important factor when choosing a gas detector, yet more often than not, decisions are based on size,
price, bells and whistles and other such features that have nothing to do with the instrument’s detecting abilities. Gas detectors come in a variety of sizes, shapes, colours and sensor configurations. For confined space work, it is necessary to monitor for oxygen deficiency/enrichment, combustible gases and toxics. Therefore an instrument capable of dealing with these three hazards is necessary.

SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Combustible Gas Sensors
a) Catalytic Combustible Gas Sensors.
These sensors look for explosive atmospheres. They detect combustible gases by causing an actual
combustion of gases within the sensor chamber. Catalytic sensors offer good linearity, and can react to most combustible gases. However, as resistance change to %LEL is quite small, they work better in concentrations between 1,000 and 50,000 PPM. They do not measure trace amounts of gas (under 200 PPM) and therefore are of no use in determining toxic levels. The disadvantages are:

• They must have a minimum of 14% oxygen content in the air to work accurately the sensor can be damaged by lead or silicone or other catalytic poisons
• the readings can be affected by humidity and water vapour condensation they respond poorly to low energy hydrocarbons such as oil vapours, kerosene, diesel fuel and commercial
• jet fuels
• they tend to loose their linearity after a year or so
• they are not recommended for use in an acetylene atmosphere

The flame arrestor will prevent ignition of most gases except acetylene outside the sensor. It is extremely important to check the approvals for which type of hazardous locations the detector can function in. Most portable gas detectors today will be certified for service is Class I, Div I, Group ABCD atmospheres.

b) Metallic Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Combustible Gas Sensor MOS or “Solid State” Combustible Gas Sensors have been around for years. This sensor has a long operation life (3 to 5 years), is very rugged and will recover better from high concentrations of a gas that could damage other types of sensors. There are also disadvantages:

• MOS sensors also require oxygen to work accurately, although not as much as the catalytic
• some sensor’s heating elements have a high demand for power which requires larger battery packs
• the readings can be affected by humidity and water vapour condensation
• the MOS sensor may respond to many VOCs, HFCs and solvents, but is not specific to any single compound.

c) Infra-Red Combustible Sensors
Recently Infra-Red Sensors have begun appearing in some instruments. They work well in low oxygen levels or acetylene atmospheres; however, they are quite expensive. These sensors work by reflecting light off a mirror and measuring the amount of light adsorbed during refraction. Infrared sensors typically require a constant flow across the sensing assembly and may be slow to clear from alarm. They are unable to detect hydrogen. An Infra-Red sensor calibrated for a simple hydrocarbon such as Methane or Ethane will not be accurate for vapour of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, solvents or fuels.

Toxic Sensors
a) Electrochemical (Wet Chem) Toxic Sensors
These sensors react to a specific chemical (substance). Chemically specific sensors are available for up to 30 different gases including chlorine, ammonia, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. The manufacturer’s technical information will indicate what sensors are available for their unit.

4 SENSOR PORTABLE
COMB, H2S, CO, O2
These sensors have very good linearity, which makes them very accurate for the substance they will react to. They can measure either large or small quantities and these sensors have a typical life span  of approximately 1 year for many toxic gases and up to two years for hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide. As with all sensors, Wet Chem sensors have their limitations. The electrolytic fluid can freeze when left in environments having temperatures lower than 0 degrees C. Some chemical sensors may be adversely affected by altitude as they may be pressure sensitive. Abnormal readings are another issue with regards to Wet Chem sensors. Abnormal readings are generally readings that don’t make sense. For instance you are working in a sanitary sewer and your instrument is showing a CO reading of 300 PPM (current TWA in Ontario is 35 PPM) and a low reading (below the TWA of 10 PPM) of hydrogen sulfide. What you likely have is an interference from the hydrogen sulfide. Some electrochemical carbon monoxide sensors are subject to interference from low levels of  hydrogen sulfide. The knowledge that carbon monoxide is not a common occurrence in sanitary sewer applications (whereas hydrogen sulfide is) would lead you to consider that you are probably having an interference problem. In some instances, oxidizers like chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone can cause opposite readings on such toxic sensors such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Awareness of the hazards in your workplace, some basic understanding of chemistry, knowing what interfering gases adversely affect your unit and strict testing protocols will minimize this problem.


b) Metallic Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Toxic Broad Range Gas Sensors
There are a number of different MOS sensors on the market and one has been developed for detecting toxic gases. Its make-up and operation is similar to the one used for the detection of combustible gases. However, the MOS broad range toxic sensor is capable of reacting to low PPM levels of wide range of toxic gases including carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, styrene, toluene, gasoline and many other hydrocarbons and solvents. MOS sensors cannot detect carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide. The sensor is incapable of telling you what gas you have encountered or the concentration, only that the atmosphere may be hazardous to your health.

C) Photo Ionization Detectors (PID’s)
Industrial Hygienists, Safety and Environmental professionals and others have used Photo ionization sensor technology for evaluating atmospheric hazards in the workplace since the 1960’s. Life expectancy of these sensors is 1-3 years and costs range between $300 and $1400 for lamp replacement. They are usually too costly to use in a multi-sensor instrument. Oxygen Sensors
Oxygen sensors are the only true chemically-specific sensors. They are similar to the electrochemical (Wet Chem) sensors described previously. They are also susceptible to freezing, are sometimes  affected by altitude and have a nominal operational life of one to two years. Never use an oxygen sensor to detect toxic gases. It is true that a toxic gas will displace the oxygen in a confined space. However, it takes 60,000 PPM of any gas to lower the oxygen from 20.9% (normal) to 19.5% (alarm point). More importantly, 60,000 PPM of any toxic gas will kill you.

DESIGNING A GAS DETECTOR
Let’s build a gas detector for confined space work. To start out it will require a combustible sensor. We previously described the three types of combustible sensors available and their features. However, for confined space work, any of the three technologies will provide adequate protection. Secondly, we need an oxygen sensor to detect both oxygen enrichment and deficiency. There are several manufacturers of oxygen sensors and while they may all look different, they are essentially the same technology and will work well. To complete this instrument we will require a toxic sensor(s). The key to safe confined space gas detection lies in these toxic sensors. There are two main sensor types used in multi-sensor instrmuments electrochemical (Wet Chem) and Broad Range (Solid State MOS).
To select the correct toxic sensor we need to evaluate our confined spaces. If your area of work is an industrial site, where the toxic gases are known or can be controlled, then a chemically specific toxic sensor can be chosen (providing a sensor exists for that gas hazard). Manufacturers produce gas detectors that are capable of supporting one or two of these chemically specific sensors. Some instruments are available with a range of plug-in sensors that can be changed in the field without fuss or calibration. Other instruments must be ordered with the specific toxic sensor(s) you require. However, there is a limit to the sensors available and, if toxic hydrocarbons or solvents are a concern (common to municipal water and waste water systems as well as industrial applications), then the broad range (MOS) type may be your best bet. If you are in an area where the toxics are unknown or cannot be controlled, such as storm and sanitary sewers, pumping stations, waste treatment plants, industrial sites with toxic hydrocarbons and the like, then the broad range (MOS) type is your best solution. Unlike the chemically specific electrochemical sensors, these sensors cannot differentiate one toxic gas from another but they will tell you whether it is safe to enter or it is time to get out. The broad range sensors have their limitations as well and cannot detect any of the dioxides, i.e.:
carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide. It must be noted that a gas detector with a combustible sensor
will not protect you from toxic levels of hydrocarbons. A classic example is gasoline. Gasoline used to have a TWA of 900 PPM. It is now considered a carcinogen. A combustible gas detector, calibrated to methane, will not alarm on gasoline until around 50% of the LEL or 5000 to 7000 PPM. This is well in excess of the old TWA and is certainly an
even bigger problem now that it is rated as a carcinogen. Regardless of its cancer causing issues, this level can cause a worker to be rendered unconscious, potentially causing death through drowning or falling. The only toxic sensors capable of detecting these low levels of hydrocarbons are the broad  range.


SAMPLING METHODS
In confined space testing it is important that the operator know how the sensor comes in contact (operation) with the atmosphere. There are three primary means of exposing the sensor to the  atmospheresample draw, diffusion and a detachable remote diffusion sensor assembly. There are strengths and weakness in all systems. Selection should be based upon need, not availability. Sample Draw The most common form of sampling a confined space is the sample draw method. The  advantage of this method is that any monitoring is performed outside the space. With a sample draw system, a pump moves the sample from the atmosphere and draws it through a hollow tube to the sensor. The pump can either be a “bulb” hand aspirator which requires squeezing or an internal motorized sample pump. Drawing the sample to the detector protects the tester by eliminating the need to enter the space and limits any movement of the door/cover to the space that may create a spark, which could ignite flammable gases that may collect around the entry point. For these reasons, the sample draw method is recommended when conducting your pre-entry test. The primary  disadvantage of this method is sample dilution. The tube leaking or using a tube over 12’ in length may reduce the concentration of some contaminant to the point where the readings presented are inaccurate. Other problems may include leaking pumps, cumbersome sample lines, and in some environments, the sample line may plug due to sludge, dirt or condensate icing. A disadvantage of the manual sample draw methods is the effort involved moving the air sample along the tube to the sensor. A general rule of thumb is that it takes 3 pump strokes to move the sample 1 foot. If your line is 12’, it will take 36 pump strokes to get the sample to the sensor, then the sampling must continue for up to 3 minutes to ensure a proper undiluted sample. If you are using a bulb hand aspirator strong
wrists are both a requirement and the end result of a lot of entries.


Sensor Operation

5 SENSOR PORTABLE
O2, COMB, H2S, CO, MOS TOXIC
Most gas detector sensors operate by diffusion. Diffusion works by air being absorbed into the sensor
cell. Electronic gas detectors rely heavily on diffusion sampling. The atmosphere must be brought to the gas sensors by the aforementioned sample draw (aspiration) or by lowering the gas detector into atmosphere. Some manufacturers offer a detachable remote sensor assembly as a means of remote sampling. Advantages of this technology include the lack of pumps and moving parts, much faster response time than aspiration and wires can carry the information with no potential of diluted readings. The sample method is still diffusion but the sensors are lowered into the atmosphere to be tested. Once the atmosphere has been tested by aspiration and/or remote sensors, the gas detector can be worn by the worker for the duration. Because each sampling method has its own strengths and weaknesses, all techniques are used to monitor the atmosphere. The sample draw is used for the pre-entry test that occurs just inside the space at the doorway. (suggestion: use a 6’ or shorter tube). Diffusion sampling occurs at all other times. Regardless of sampling techniques, spaces two to three meters deep should be tested top and bottom before entering. Spaces four to five meters deep should be tested top, middle and bottom before entering. Calibration/Bump Test All portable gas detectors should be calibrated according to the manufacturers recommendations. Not calibrating or bump testing a gas detector on a regular basis is an invitation to disaster. Sensors and/or electronics can, and do fail and it is only prudent to check your instrument on a regular basis.
a) Bump Test
A bump or field test is the application of a known gas concentration in excess of the calibrated alarm
point of the instrument. When this gas is applied to the gas detector it should trip the alarm point ensuring that the instrument is functioning correctly. If it does not then it indicates that a re-calibration is necessary. Multiple gas mixtures are available that allow you to do a simultaneous Bump test with one canister of gas. It is a good policy to bump test at least once a week.
b) Calibration
Calibration should be performed as per the manufacturers recommendations. Calibration is done with
a known gas concentration that can be at the exact alarm point or at a higher concentration where the set point can be adjusted. This varies between manufacturers. If you are Bump/Field testing on a regular basis you can wait until that tests indicates a re-calibration is required. If Bump/Field test are not performed then the unit should be re-calibrated on a regular basis. Manufacturer’s recommendations vary from daily to never. Daily may not be practical and never, while time saving can be an invitation to disaster. Somewhere in between is the answer. Every three to six months is common.

DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS
The third component to consider in gas detector selection is design characteristics. Many gas detectors are sold solely upon these characteristics. The reason for this is that many gas detector manufacturers do not make their own sensors. They design and make the electronic box of the gas detector. The following characteristics should be considered after selecting the appropriate sensors:

• Construction
• Electronics
• Approvals
• Ease of use

a) Construction
Monitoring devices must be very rugged and easily carried by the workers. Even with training and the best intentions of the workers, field use does abuse the units. Drops, jolts, exposure to the elements, misuse, etc., all can shorten the life of the instrument. The case and its components must be constructed to withstand rough handling. The unit’s alarm systems, which should be both audio and visual, must be loud enough to be heard in your environment by either the attendant outside the space or the entrant(s) inside. In a perfect world, both attendant and entrant would hear the alarm. Some manufacturers have remote alarms that could enable both the attendant and entrant to simultaneously hear the alarm. The option is only worth the money spent if the remote wiring is long enough for all your spaces. Batteries are another consideration. Batteries can be either disposable or rechargeable but either type should supply enough power to last 10 to 12 hours. If the batteries cannot last the entire work period, a back up or stand by power source must be present. Batteries have all sorts of limitations. Many units have no way to determine the charge in them; cold and age decrease battery life; lead acid batteries can leak and damage your electronics; NiCad (rechargeable batteries) can develop memories and so on. Battery maintenance costs and efforts should be evaluated very carefully to ensure your system will work when required. The new nickel metal hydride rechargeable batteries appear to have cut down the memory problems found in the older NiCad rechargeable  batteries. For confined space work, gas detectors need to be portable (hand held). If the unit is  designed to be worn by the worker, it should rest on their belt, not weigh it down. In many tight spots, the worker should not wear the device as it may create a catch point. It may be advisable to have the ability to hang up the unit inside the space. Switches, buttons and knobs should be positioned or designed so that they cannot be knocked out of position, but one can still operate them with gloves on. The unit should be tamper resistant and default to an alarm mode in the event of battery or sensor failure. Gauges and/or displays should be large and easily read and understood. This means you must be able to not only see the displayed data, but also understand it. In confined spaces there are all types of lighting. Does the information show in all lighting situations? And finally, do the abbreviations make sense or do you need an explanation card on the detector? If the information cannot be understood, it may not be performing the job that it is intended to do.

b) Electronics
Information provided must be reliable and useful as life and death decisions can be made based on the data provided. The electronics’ response time, accuracy, precision, radio frequency (RF) interference, reading drift and sensitivity are all factors that can differentiate a poor purchase from a good investment.

c) Approvals*
Once a manufacturer has developed an instrument for use in a hazardous atmosphere, it should be approved by an independent laboratory for intrinsic safety. Ie: UL, FM, CSA, TUV, MET etc. Federal OSHA in the USA identifies such approval laboratories as “NRTL” (Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories) and lists four pages of them on its website.

d) Ease of Use
One of the most important considerations after sensor evaluation and selection is the ease of use of the instrument. Is it simple to operate? Is it simple to understand? Are the buttons/switches easy to use with gloves on? Do you have to use switches or buttons to get alarm information? Will it alarm when battery/sensors fail? Most importantly, is it one switch operation?

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
RF Protection
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) protection is the unit’s ability to protect the readings from interference caused by radio waves, pulsed power lines, transformers, and generators. RF protection is expressed in immunity to x watts of radio transmission at a specific distance. A prudent consumer should test a gas detector in and around cell phones, radios and walkie talkies before purchasing, especially if the gas detector is packaged in anything other than metal.

Response Time
4 SENSOR PORTABLE
COMB, O2 AND ANY 2 OF 13
FIELD INTERCHANGEABLE
TOXIC SENSORS

This is the time period between obtaining data from the sensors and displaying it. This time period
depends on what information is collected, the sensor response, how the unit of measurement being used (e.g. % LEL or PPM). Response time can range from several seconds for catalytic elements to minutes for some toxic sensors. Accuracy and Precision Accuracy is the relationship between the readout and the true concentration. This relationship is indicated by an error factor (indicated by “+/-“,e.g. +/- 0.5%). The lower the number, the greater the instrument’s accuracy. Precision is the number of times the accuracy would be right in any given number of tests (correct 19 times out of 20). In this case the higher the number, the greater the precision.


Sensitivity
This is the unit’s ability to accurately measure changes in concentrations. The hazards presented by
the substance being measured would determine the need for sensitivity. For instance, at present in Ontario, chlorine has a time weighted average exposure value of 1 PPM and if is IDLH at 10 PPM; therefore, any change must be noted at once. On the other hand, carbon dioxide’s TWAEV is 5000 PPM, and is IDLH at 40,000 PPM; therefore the sensitivity need not be that great.
Selectivity/Specificity This is the ability of the sensor/circuitry to respond to the desired target gas to the exclusion of other interfering gas species.


Reading Drifts
This is the movement in the instrument’s electronic readout when the atmospheric value remains the
same. Moving the instrument from one angle to another, shaking it, ambient vibrations or no apparent reason may cause the readout to change. Poor electronic circuit board design and/or age of the machine or the sensor will cause the readings to drift. Sensor or component aging causing this problem is acceptable and can be compensated for as part of the unit’s ongoing maintenance program; however, poor construction is not acceptable. Poor construction cannot be repaired and creates mistrust of the unit with those who work with it. If they do not trust the readings, they will not use it and a tragedy could easily occur. Your best protection is to contact current users of the instrument and ask about their experiences. Well we have now arrived at close to 4100 words on selecting a gas detector. If you are still awake, congratulations, because to get to this point you must have some interest in this topic not to have been bored to death. In closing I would like you to please keep in mind that portable gas detectors are available from a variety of manufacturers. They range from single electrochemical sensor instruments to very precise multiple sensor units. Do not be swayed by sophisticated technology and fancy packaging. Choose a device that meets your needs (both short term and for the next 3 to 5 years if possible). Look at all the variables from sensors to design, but always keep sensors as your number one criteria. Your employees also have to be considered in the equation. If not, a perfectly good gas detector will collect dust because they feel the damn thing isn’t any good! A well thought out purchase can save lives and prevent injuries

Seo Safety : Goggle Safety : Information : Typical Bulk Liquid Storage System

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Liquefied oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide are stored on your site at very low temperature. When gas is required, the liquid is vaporized for supply to your process. For cryogenic applications such as food freezing that require a low-temperature liquid supply, the liquid is delivered from the storage tank to your process by an insulated line.

A typical installation normally consists of a tank, a vaporizer, and controls. Systems are selected based on your volume, desired pressure, purity level, flow rate, and operating pattern.

 Typical Liquid Storage System Used for Argon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

A typical liquid storage system used for argon, nitrogen, and oxygen.

Tanks
The storage vessels generally used for liquefied argon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 500-, 1,500-, 3,000-, 6,000-, 9,000-, and 11,000-gallon tanks. Liquid hydrogen storage vessels are nominally 1,500-, 4,500-, 9,000-, and 20,000-gallon tanks.

Typical Tank Cutaway

Cutaway of a typical tank.

Ambient Air Vaporizer
While steam and electric vaporizers are occasionally used, the most widely employed vaporizers obtain heat from the surrounding air. These "ambient air" vaporizers are provided in arrays of many-finned tubes to provide vaporization rates up to 40,000 scfh per array. Additional units are added to provide higher vaporization rates.

Control Manifold
Control manifolds are designed to control the pressure to your houseline and to protect that line from excessively cold gas or possible liquid carryover. The manifold consists of a temperature control valve and a pressure control valve. Also included are necessary block-and-bypass valves, as well as a pressure indicator and check valve. There are two basic units—one for rates up to approximately 23,000 scfh and another for rates up to approximately 43,000 scfh.

 Typical Control Manifold

A typical control manifold.

*Note that the liquid storage system used in your region may be different; please check with your local office.

8 Common Source Of a Wet Basement and Finding The Cause Before You Begin Basement Waterproffing

Moisture problems in a basement stem from one of two sources: indoor condensation or leaks from outdoors. You can usually determine whether the source of your problem is interior or exterior by performing this simple test.

Once you know which side of the basement wall the moisture is coming from, you still need to identify a specific source. That can be a little tricky, but here are the most common culprits:

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1. Downspouts

Downspouts should direct water away from the house foundation with extensions that are at least 6-feet long.

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2. Gutters

Gutters are supposed to carry water to downspouts, but when they become clogged they can cause water to overflow. That means water is being dumped along the basement walls.

3. Grading

Improper grading is a major cause of wet basements. In the first 10 feet around the foundation, the soil should slope at least 6 inches away from the house.

4. Foundations

Over time, foundations can develop cracks that allow water to flow through. Hydraulic cement is a useful product for sealing masonry walls.

5. Plumbing

Water supply and drain pipes can leak. Drain lines in particular can develop small, hard-to-detect leaks that can cause long-term trouble. You should be able to find a drain line leak by turning all of the faucets in the house on and then doing a close visual inspection of the pipes in the basement.

6. Windows and Doors

Broken glass or aging seals around windows and doors allow easy access for water. Have someone spray water from a hose at basement windows and doors while you look for leaks inside.

7. High Humidity

A basement that is moist most of the time usually has some type of condensation problem. You can tackle the most common causes by following the advice in this article.

8. High Water Table

This is one of the toughest wet basement challenges. The water table is the line between saturated and unsaturated soil. It can vary by season and location, and even a heavy rainfall can cause the water table to rise. There's not much you can do to change the water table, but you can reduce its damaging effects with interior or exterior drainage systems or with a sump pump.

Installing a Sump pum,Types of Sump Pump, Digging a Sump Pit

Installing a sump pump can be an effective way to keep water from accumulating in the basement. The pump is set in a basin, or sump pit, located at the lowest spot in the basement floor or where water first accumulates. Sump pits, which can be purchased at home centers, are most often made of plastic or fiberglass. As the water level beneath the basement floor rises, it fills the pit, activating the pump and causing the water to be discharged to the outdoors. Once the water level falls, the pump shuts off.

If your basement has occasional water problems, a sump pump can be an inexpensive and relatively easy-to-install aid. But keep in mind that installing a sump pump will not address the source of your water problem. So, before you spend any time and money on pumping water out of the basement, take a few moments to learn about the 8 Common Sources of a Wet Basement.

And if your basement is seriously flooded on a regular basis, a sump pump may not be the best solution. After looking at sources of your water problem, you may want to consider these 3 Approaches to Basement Waterproofing.

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Types of Sump Pumps

There are two types of sump pumps usually installed in houses: submersible pumps are fully concealed in the sum pit, while pedestal pumps are only partially concealed, with the motor resting above the water. Pedestal sump pumps tend to cost a bit less than submersible models, and they are easier to repair and maintain. But submersible pumps are quieter, and therefore a better choice for living areas.

Sump pumps usually come with long cords, allowing you to plug them into a receptacle protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI). Do not use an extension cord with a sump pump unless it matches the recommendations of the pump manufacturer.

Plumbers can usually install sump pumps, but a motivated DIYer can also handle the job. If you want to install your own sump pump, plan to spend $300-$500 for materials and the better part of a weekend for the installation.

Digging a Sump Pit

You will need a jackhammer to break through the concrete. Electric jackhammers are usually available at rental stores or in the tool rental department at home stores. They are easy to use and can be plugged into regular household outlets. Be sure to get a flat spade bit to use with the jackhammer.

Set your sump basin upside down on the floor, then draw a circle about 4 to 6 inches outside the perimeter of the basin. Be sure to stay at least 10 inches from the walls to avoid the foundation footing. Use the jackhammer to break through the slab along the line.

With the concrete out of the way, dig the hole to the required depth. You want the top of the basin flush with the top of the floor. Set the basin in the hole and fill the gaps around the perimeter with gravel. Level the gravel 1 inch above the bottom of the floor slab, then fill the remainder of the perimeter gap with concrete. Smooth the surface of the concrete with a trowel and allow to set for at least a day.

Installing the Sump Pump

Once the concrete has cured, set the sump pump in the basin as directed by the manufacturer. Connect the check valve and attach PVC discharge piping. Run the piping up the wall and out through a hole you drill in the rim joist.

Extend the piping to the outside, allowing water to drain away from the foundation. If the grade is not suitably sloped away from the house, you may need to install a drywell outside for the discharge piping to empty into. Do not run discharge into sewer or septic systems unless you are sure this is permitted by local building codes.

Seal around hole in rim joist with caulk. Now plug the sump pump into a GFCI receptacle. Fill the basin with water and test the pump.

From time to time you will need to clean debris out of the basin, and if your pump is not activated very often, periodically test it by pouring some water in the basin.

Air Conditioning Maintenance Plan and Facility

As with many mechanical devices, maintenance is an essential part of ensuring proper function and optimum performance in air conditioners. Whether central, in-house, or portable, air conditioners should be maintained according to manufacturer’s specifications and in accordance with a manual. Central air conditioning systems, as commonly used in large industrial spaces and inside professional buildings and homes, consist of two main components, each of which require specific maintenance and treatment.

The exterior component of a central air conditioning system, called the condenser unit, is composed of several important subcomponents: a compressor, a condenser coil, a fan, and coolant lines that connect the unit in its entirety to the interior evaporator coil. Typically, a condenser unit is located outside, either on the roof or in another safe, outdoor location. The evaporator coil tends to be installed in close proximity to the furnace.

Because the condenser and evaporator are often sealed in a central air conditioning system, do-it-yourself maintenance is somewhat restricted and annual system maintenance should be scheduled prior to using the system for an extended period. However, if the system isn’t sealed, there are several methods for maintaining a properly functioning unit.

Basic Maintenance

If the evaporator is easy to access, cleaning it once annually is recommended. To clean the evaporator, first remove the foil insulation, carefully saving any tape so it’s easy to replace later. Next, remove the screws on the access plate and lift the plate. Using a stiff-bristled brush, clean the area around the evaporator and the tray directly beneath it. Because the tray catches condensation, pour a little (one tablespoon) of basic household bleach into the weep hole to help prevent the development of fungus. If the tray seems overly full, the weep hole may be clogged; open the weep hole with a piece of wire and check the drain. When cleaning is complete, replace the plate, screws, and foil insulation.

After cleaning the evaporator, maintenance on the condenser unit can begin. Because the condenser unit is located outside, maintaining the area around the unit is important. Maintenance of the surrounding area typically includes making sure plants and grass do not grow into the unit and disrupt airflow, or removing snow or other environmental hazards.

After taking care of the surrounding area, open the condenser unit and clean the condenser with coil cleaner (check with a manufacturer for cleaner specifications), flush the coil, then let it dry. Next, clean the fins to remove grime, but do so carefully: fins are typically manufactured from light aluminum, which can easily be damaged. A fin comb may be used to straighten any misshapen fins. In winter, cover the unit with a prefabricated condenser cover.

Lastly, check the platform upon which the condenser sits using a level, to ensure that it sits evenly.

Solar Power Technology System

In theory, silicon solar panels are great. The reality remains, however, that they are an expensive investment—though they certainly yield valuable results—that few American families are willing to make. As a result of an increase in demand in 2004, prices rose to nearly 500 dollars per kilogram by 2008. Now, new technology is leading to a more affordable way to harness solar energy. Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory, along with numerous other independent companies, have been working on a thin-film solar cell that relies on copper indium gallium selenide technology—CIGS for short—as a means of converting solar energy into electrical power.

Silicon Solar Panels

There are two types of silicon technology used in silicon solar-absorbing panels. Monocrystalline silicon (which consists of slivers of silicon up to 150 mm in diameter and 350 microns thick), and multicrystalline silicon (wafers acquired through the division of a solid block of silicon), serve as semi-conducting solar absorbers, although crystalline silicon is actually a weak absorber of light. Because of this property, the material must be pretty thick—however, crystalline silicon is used because it is relatively and durable.

New Thin-film Technology

Since the cost of crystalline silicon is out of reach for the average consumer, there has been a push toward technology that is readily available and affordable. By identifying materials that are efficient absorbers of solar power and cost-effective for both the manufacturer and the consumer, three new forms of thin-film solar panels have been developed: amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and CIGS technology. All three forms are highly-absorbent and can operate effectively at a thickness of about 1 micron, which means they are less expensive than the thick crystalline silicon alternative.

Amorphous silicon differs from traditional crystalline silicon in that it is arranged spontaneously and thinly layered, whereas crystalline silicon is almost grid-like in pattern and thick. It was the earliest attempt at a thin-filmed solar cell, and was initially applied to items such as calculators. In attempts to create thinner films, many companies have tried using combinations of crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon. In the spring of 2008, amorphous silicon comprised about 60 percent of the solar-cell market.

Cadmium telluride is the most eco-friendly of solar panels because the least amount of energy is used to create it, yet it comprised only 30 percent of the solar-cell market in 2008. Its band gap—1.4 electron-volts—is very near to that of the solar spectrum, making it an effective semiconductor.

Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is the newest technology and only accounted for 1 percent of the solar market in 2008, yet it has been achieving a high-level of success in studies. It has obtained efficiency levels as high as 20.3 percent, which is the highest any thin-film has ever reached.

CIGS Technology

Although it isn’t in wide use, perhaps due to its novelty, CIGS seems to be a promising form of solar cell. However, difficulty in manufacturing reliably efficient cells could be a problem when it comes to mass-production, despite the fact that CIGS cells have already surpassed other forms of technology in efficiency in the lab. For more info, try here: http://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2008/574.html.

In other forms of solar panels, a base material’s surface is coated using a variety of materials, such as silicon or cadmium telluride, to create an absorbent device. In CIGS technology, if selenium is left exposed (as it would be if used to coat a base plate) atoms of the semi-toxic element become hard to control. To avoid this potential problem and create a cell that both protects and maximizes the potential of the materials, several companies have been making strides in how the panels are manufactured. Using glass, stainless steel sheets, flexible metal foils, or high temperature polymers to form two backing plates, thin layers of cadmium selenide and indium selenide are then deposited. The plates are joined together using heat and electromagnetic forces, keeping selenium between the plates and preventing exposure.

Thin-film solar technology offer several advantages over traditional silicon panels. Because these panels are thin-filmed, they can easily be incorporated into existing structures, such as windows and roof shingles, so as to be inconspicuous. Manufacturing components with thin-film technology built in could cut down on cost, eliminating the need to spend money on a separate solar device and installation.

Industrial Guardrial Plant and Facility

Industrial Guardrails Buying Guide

Guardrails are used for safety and barrier purposes and are an integral part of various industrial structures. These assemblies are typically installed at platform ends and are incorporated within mezzanine structures in industrial sites, such as warehouses. They are used on highways as a protection barrier against vehicle impact, to prevent falls, and in production areas. Standard guardrail fabrication materials include variations of stainless steel, a material recommended because of its durability. Wooden guardrails are another common barrier material. There are numerous variations of standard guardrails, which must comply with OSHA standards. Both single and double railing systems are a standard guardrail installation option. Additionally, guardrail styles include W-beam, curved, bolt and drop-in varieties.

• Standard Guardrail Applications:

• Pedestrian walkway protection

• Workstation and transformer area barrier

• Protect equipment from forklift damages

• Protect building from damage (ie, walls and doors)

• Installed along roadways to prevent and minimize accidents

Guardrail Components:

A standard guardrail system is mounted to the floor by base plates, which are fastened with anchor bolts. Each guardrail system also includes columns that are commonly fabricated from steel. Such columns, or posts, are often pre-drilled by the manufacturer and include the hardware for installation. Standard galvanized steel systems (specifically 12-gauge) provide durability and are often fabricated in curved, 90 degree variations, for traffic areas. Other variations include cylindrical steel beams and flatter beams, featuring ribbing. For indoor and outdoor areas, railings are typically painted OSHA yellow. The type and amount of beam railing varies according to the application requirements. For instance, railing can consist of one to three beams and the beams may be coated with UV resistant polyurethane sleeves.

Guardrail Types and Styles

W-beams are the standard traffic and highway safety rails and are constructed in high gauge steel. To protect against environmental conditions, this type of beam is fabricated with zinc coatings and weather (resistant) coated materials.

Drop-in rails featurebrackets thatallow post sectionsto slide into the structure uponinstallation.This type ofrailing is easily accessible.

Bolt-on rails involve specific installation with hand tools and drills, though the hardware for this type of railing is typically included by the manufacturer.Single, double or triple rails may be selected for an application.

Additional Considerations

Professionals caution that it is essential to comply with OSHA standards for worker and installation safety reasons, as guardrails may malfunction if they are not installed properly. For example, precautions such as safety nets should be utilized during installation. The OSHA issues additional standard safety guidelines on their website: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction/falls/guardrail.html

Soundproof a Room Plant and Facility

How to Soundproof a Room

When considering how to go about soundproofing a room, whether commercial, industrial, or residential, there are several factors to address. First, investigating the source of the sound (if unknown) and determining the path of reverberation is essential in both sound minimization and in developing a soundproofing plan for the room. After addressing the source of the noise and minimizing it if possible, selecting an appropriate material with which to further minimize the noise and soundproof the room is typically advised.

How Sound Travels

If the source of the noise is an industrial machine, it is often very difficult to minimize the noise at its source. Instead, examining how sounds travels from its source to its final destination—the transmission path—is often the appropriate place to start. Sound travels in waves that can be slowed, reflected, or refracted by objects it encounters. Transmission paths can vary, depending on the sound. Sometimes sound moves directly from the source to the ear of a nearby receiver; other times it encounters barriers along the way that reflect some of the initial sound back, thus dampening and softening what the end receiver hears. Sound can also travel through the ground and surrounding structures, which further complicates tracing its route.

Addressing Noise

In trying to reduce noise, it is often most cost-effective to attempt to treat the source of the sound itself before attempting to soundproof an entire enclosure. Examine the source of the sound (a drum set, a large industrial machine) and determine if any damping treatments can be applied to minimize the sound output. If possible, move the device in question to either alter the path of transmission or further reduce the output. Once the source of the noise has been addressed as much as possible, it may then be time to consider soundproofing materials for the larger enclosure. Common materials include the following:

Acoustical Linings

Absorbent Materials

Barriers and Panels

Acoustical linings can be an effective method for lining electrical channels, ducts, and pipes, which are common ways sound is transmitted throughout (and beyond) a room. A lining with a thickness around 2 cm can be applied in ducts and vents to block high-frequency noise. Bafflers, another kind of duct lining, are another option for blocking sound in duct passageways.

Absorbent materials are often used to interrupt a sound’s transmission path by absorbing noise as it makes contact with the material. Instead of being bounced back, as it is when it makes contact with harder material, sound can be absorbed by softer, strategically placed material. Sound-deadening drapes and mats can be applied to ceilings and walls in already finished rooms; in unfinished rooms, the installation of fiberglass batting (and drywall board). The addition of fiberglass insulation, in both finished and unfinished rooms can greatly reduce the transmission of sound beyond the enclosure.

Barriers and panels are an effective way to reroute sound by interrupting the sound’s path. When used in conjunction with absorbent materials, some of the sound waves will be absorbed (and dampened) while the remaining sound can be redirected. The manner in which a sound reacts to a barrier or panel can vary. A sound can follow one of several paths when it encounters an obstacle. Often, the sound passes through the barrier, although it is reduced in strength. Other times a sound can be reflected, meaning the path of the sound is altered and the sound bounces off the object in a different direction. A sound can also be diffracted, meaning the waves are bent and their path is altered. The best outcome occurs when the sound is completely absorbed by the barrier it encounters. Through strategic use of absorbent materials and barriers and panels, the path of the sound can be significantly altered and therefore reduced.

Basic Do-it-Yourself Methods

For those seeking to soundproof a room on their own, there are several basic steps that can be taken. If the room has yet to be constructed but has all electrical wiring and piping in place, incorporating the steps below may help ensure a tighter, more soundproof enclosure. As always, a professional should be consulted before beginning.

Hang drywall over the existing walls, but leave enough space so that additional soundproofing material can be placed between the layers.

Apply fiberglass batting between the two layers, or cellulose-based foam. The goal is to apply a layer of batting that will further absorb noise.

Further soundproof the drywall by using prefabricated soundproofing material, such as rigid panels, barriers, or drapes, hang the material as directed. Next, re-hang the drywall

If the enclosure features windows, using a double-hung vinyl-framed window can help minimize the transmission of sound. If the windows are already constructed and replacing the windows is too costly, consider making covers for the windows out of prefabricated absorbent material, or hanging sound-absorbent drapes.

SEO Wood Finishing

Wood finishing involves the application of a protective layer to otherwise bare wood. But before a protective coating can be applied, the wood’s surface must be prepared. Sanding, planing, and scraping can help eliminate surface imperfections by softening and smoothing the wood. Processes to alter the wood’s color and aesthetic are often applied before the finish, including staining and bleaching. Once these processes are completed, the appropriate finish is selected. However, because wood is a versatile material with countless functions, wood finish is equally diverse. By comparing specific application requirements with various finish traits, the right coating can be selected.

Types of Wood Finish

When selecting a wood finish, there are a range of characteristics to consider. Do you want the final product to shine? Or are you more interested in a matte appearance? Is the application intended to withstand outdoor use? Or is durability not a concern? Prioritizing finish traits can simplify finding the appropriate coating. Some common types of clear finish and their distinguishing characteristics are discussed below.

Wax

One of the perks of opting for a wax finish is that it’s easy to use and apply, and it produces a nice shine. However, wax finishes often need to be reapplied and only provide minimal protection. They are easy to remove, which makes it a fairly noncommittal finish selection.

Shellac

Although shellac is classified as a clear finish, some grades carry a distinct yellowish tint. Shellac does, however, provide its substrate with moderate water protection and provides effective protection against solvents, with the exception of alcohol. The coating itself is durable and does not require reapplication. The application technique can be complicated but, like wax, shellac can be completely removed using alcohol. Additionally, shellac is compatible with other coatings and acts as an effective base layer.

Nitrocellulose Lacquer

This clear coating creates a hard, glossy finish, which provides good substrate protection and has strong durability. However, there are several toxic solvents in the mixture, requiring the applier to use a protective mask to avoid inhaling toxic fumes. Additionally, the coating typically requires a spray-on application method, which further releases toxins into the air. Alternative brush methods can be used to avoid this complication. Like shellac and wax, nitrocellulose lacquer can be removed.

Conversion Varnish

In many ways, conversion varnish resembles nitrocellulose lacquer. Both coatings result in hard, glossy finishes and are durable. Their application methods are similar, and in both cases protection against toxins is necessary. Conversion varnish, however, can only be applied in shops using specialized spray equipment and is hard to remove. Additionally, the coating can resist an array of substances, providing strong substrate protection.

Polyurethane Varnish

Like other varnishes, polyurethane varnish delivers a clear coating. However, multiple layers can give a substrate a plastic type finish, which provides strong protection against an array of substances. Because the solvents involved are petroleum-based, the coating is relatively safe. The coating can be somewhat difficult to apply and requires a 30 day curing period. Paint removers can effectively remove the coating, and after the curing period, the coating is quite durable.

Water-Based Polyurethane

Due in part to the addition of water, water-based polyurethane produces a clear coating without the plastic look. Additionally, it works well on products that are exposed to UV and is safer to use than traditional polyurethane varnish. The coating dries rapidly, so care must be taken in brush and spray application. The curing period is the same as polyurethane varnish, after which the coating is durable. Paint removers also work to remove water-based polyurethane.

Oil Finishes

Oil finishes, such as tung oil and linseed oil, can be used to accentuate the wood’s grain but do not provide much protection. They provide the wood with a warm glow and increase in durability when layered. Application is easy, but drying typically takes 12 hours or longer. To remove oil finishes, the substrate must be sanded down because oil absorbs into the wood.