Seo Google Safety : Calibration Basic|Information|Safety|Tips

Introduction

It is quite unlikely that you will ever use an absolute method for gas detection. Rather, you will employ any one of dozens of “relative” [or “reference,” but not necessarily EPA Reference] methods—that is, methods that produce some output that must be calibrated against a known standard. Then, its display can be directly read out in units of concentration, usually parts-per-million (ppm).

Even though proper calibration is 90% of successful gas detection, it is a subject that has been neglected—often purposely—by the majority of instrument manufacturers. There’s a good reason for this, of course: Proper calibration can often be difficult and expensive. But, we’re getting a bit ahead of ourselves.
Gas Blends in Cylinders

Early occupational health toxic gas detection focused on carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The calibration standards were supplied as gas blends in cylinders, and in the case of CO, at least, things worked out pretty well. This is because CO is not very reactive, and, within reason, maintains a stable concentration in the cylinder, as the pressure drops with use.

On the other hand, H2S is very reactive, and the original simplistic techniques used to create the cylinder gas blends could not provide a stable product. The problems observed with H2S blends were soon seen in blends for many other toxics. To make matters worse, improper analogies were drawn between experiences in combustible gas detection and toxic gas detection, establishing a false sense of security about poorly prepared gas blends.

In fact, other than the obvious point that both combustible and toxic gas detection get involved with detecting gases, the two fields of endeavor could not be more different.

The combustible gases of interest are nearly all stable (unless they are ignited by some external source), while nearly all toxic gases are unstable, and in many cases are extremely reactive. Most importantly, though, combustible gas detection is done in percent level concentrations, while toxic gas detection is done in parts-per-million, and even parts-per-billion concentrations—10,000 and 10 million times lower, respectively!

Fortunately, calibration gas blending technology has improved, encompassing specialized techniques for passivating the cylinders, as well as logging experience to determine how long a blend must age to become stable, and how long stability can be guaranteed. Much of the technological development has been done with aluminum cylinders, since this material seems to be less prone to wall effects and unwanted chemical reactions than steel.

Interscan can recommend good gas blend suppliers, but no matter what company you choose, the following points are important:

Order the blend so that the concentration is about 50% of the instrument’s measuring range.Ensure that the blend’s analysis is ± 2% accurate (or better).Insist on NIST–traceability.Obtain a written guarantee as to how long the blend will be stable.Since most of the cost of the blend is in the analysis labor, order the largest cylinder you can use. Stay away from disposable cylinders, which just become a solid waste problem. After all, we ARE in the environmental business!Before you order, ask for references for the exact blend, or one that is similar, and check them.

Permeation Devices

Some material courtesy of VICI Metronics

Certain toxic gases are not well-suited to being stored in cylinders, and cylinder blends are cumbersome to re-standardize, in that a separate (usually wet chemical) analytical method is required. In addition, some instrument users need a source for several different calibration standards. These situations call for permeation devices.

Permeation devices are small, inert capsules containing a pure chemical compound in a two phase equilibrium between its gas phase and its liquid or solid phase. At a constant temperature, the device emits the compound through its permeable portion at a constant rate. This rate can always be determined via differential weighing at constant temperature. Permeation devices are typically inserted into a carrier flow to generate test atmospheres for calibrating gas analyzer systems.

These devices are discussed in some detail in our Tech Center. Typical applications for Interscan analyzers include calibration for bromine, chlorine, formaldehyde, hydrazine, hydrogen bromide, and hydrogen chloride. Many Interscan customers who do not wish to perform their own permeation device calibration—although it is always recommended to calibrate on site—can take advantage of our Electronic Calibration Service (ECS).

Note that having calibration facilities on site provides the best possible answer to the question “How do I know that this monitoring system actually works?” You can challenge the system with a known concentration of gas at any time.
Zero Gas

As you can imagine, if your measurement range is in the low ppm (or less), accurately zeroing the instrument is of vital importance. Consider that it is not a trivial matter to remove contaminants such as carbon monoxide from air below tenths of a ppm.

Zero air can be obtained from the same vendors who manufacture gas blends. We would make the following recommendations:

• Tell your supplier your target gas and measuring range, and have him suggest the proper zero gas for your application.
• Ask for a written analysis of the zero gas. Ideally, there will be specific information and not just a series of “less thans.”
• As we noted for your calibration gas, before you order, ask for references for applications as close as possible to your own, and check them.

Hard Cases

There are compounds that will present challenges. Hydrazine, for example, done correctly, requires an expensive and elaborate set-up, and a skilled operator. Chlorine dioxide is unstable, and although in situ calibration methods are available, great care is required to produce accurate results. Known concentrations of ozone can be generated, but it is not cheap.
How Frequently Should You Calibrate?

In general, the lower your measuring range, and the greater accuracy you desire, then the more frequently you should calibrate. Calibration monthly is a good median recommendation, and bi-monthly is even better. When we say “calibration,” we mean a good patient effort, that allows for sensor and instrument stabilization, to get a good, solid, reproducible reading. So-called bump tests, that challenge the instrument with some unknown, but high concentration of gas prove little, and can often be misleading. For the most part, these are NOT recommended.

In certain cases, less frequent calibration will still afford satisfactory results. Feel free to discuss this at any time with our service department.
In Conclusion…

The bad news is that calibration for some chemicals can be difficult, yet it is essential for proper gas detection. The good news is that we are here to help.

Seo Safety Oil & Gas :: Air Shut-Off Safety Devices for Diesel Engines

GE designs and manufactures the Rigsaver® air shut-off safety device for use on both large and small diesel engines. When mounted in the air intake system, the Rigsaver will prohibit airflow from entering the cylinders and positively immobilize the engine, safeguarding personnel, equipment, and the environment. Rigsavers can be manually or automatically controlled, responding to a variety of fault or hazard conditions.

It's not always regulatory but it is your responsibility to protect the environment, your equipment and, most importantly, your people.
Hazard prevention with air shut-off safety devices

Airborne hydrocarbons are dangerous. In the open, they can easily ignite and spread to available fuel sources to produce an uncontrolled inferno. But they can also pose a threat to diesel engines of any size. When mixed with the air supply, these vapors or fumes may be drawn into the air intake system, act as an ungoverned fuel source and cause the engine to accelerate out of control.

Conventional shutdown methods (i.e. shutting off the engine's fuel supply) are often ineffective in preventing diesel engine overspeeding since the ungoverned fuel source is still available through the air intake system. Completely shutting off the air supply, using a device such as the Rigsaver, is the only sure way to prevent engine runaway and the possible dire outcomes: equipment damage, fire, or life-threatening explosion.
Air shut-off valves for air intake systems

Rigsaver is a swing-gate, spring-operated air shut-off valve mounted in the air intake system. It will impede the airflow into the cylinders and positively stop the engine. It can be installed pre- or post-turbo. Rigsaver can be manually or automatically controlled to respond to a variety of fault or hazard conditions.
Worldwide experience with diesel engine shut-off valves

The Rigsaver air shut-off valve has been used worldwide, providing reliable service on and offshore under adverse conditions associated with locations in the Canadian Arctic, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea, the deserts of Africa, the Middle East and the Pacific Rim. Our product's quality meets or exceeds the stringent requirements of our broad customer base, which includes leading engine OEMs.
Features of the Rigsaver air shut-off safety device

Features of the Rigsaver air shut-off safety device include:

•     Manual or automatic controls
•     Can be used onshore and offshore
•     Can respond to a variety of fault or hazard conditions
•     Available with 2in (50mm) to 14in (355mm) of unrestricted port
•     Operates safely at ambient and induction air temperatures between +350°F to +400°F (+176°C to +205°C)
•     Meets ISO 9001:2008 requirements

Diesel emergency shut-down valve

The Rigsaver acts as an emergency shut-down valve for diesel engines. It is ideal for a wide range of applications, including:

•     Power generation
•     Bulk fuel loading facilities
•     Mining equipment
•     On/off - highway vehicles
•     Offshore platforms
•     Marine engine rooms
•     Petrochemical plants
•     Stationary equipment

Technical data of the Rigsaver air shut-off safety device

•     Temperature rating: maximum constant +400°F (+205°C); high temperature up to +482°F (+250°C) available upon request
•     Maximum pneumatic tripping pressure: 100 psi
•     Maximum solenoid energize time: 5 seconds
•     Vibration tested to simulate in-service conditions to ensure maximum durability and reliability
•     Manufactured with high-grade materials to protect against corrosion for extreme conditions such as oil and gas offshore
•     Available in bore sizes from 2in to 14in
•     Manufactured in Canada

Certifications

The Rigsaver is ISO 9001:2008 certified and is approved for use in hazardous zoned environments under ATEX Category II, Ex II 3G c T3 (200°C, industrial applications). (Note: This does not apply to electrical components.)


Source : GE OIL & GAS

8 Common Source Of a Wet Basement and Finding The Cause Before You Begin Basement Waterproffing

Moisture problems in a basement stem from one of two sources: indoor condensation or leaks from outdoors. You can usually determine whether the source of your problem is interior or exterior by performing this simple test.

Once you know which side of the basement wall the moisture is coming from, you still need to identify a specific source. That can be a little tricky, but here are the most common culprits:

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1. Downspouts

Downspouts should direct water away from the house foundation with extensions that are at least 6-feet long.

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2. Gutters

Gutters are supposed to carry water to downspouts, but when they become clogged they can cause water to overflow. That means water is being dumped along the basement walls.

3. Grading

Improper grading is a major cause of wet basements. In the first 10 feet around the foundation, the soil should slope at least 6 inches away from the house.

4. Foundations

Over time, foundations can develop cracks that allow water to flow through. Hydraulic cement is a useful product for sealing masonry walls.

5. Plumbing

Water supply and drain pipes can leak. Drain lines in particular can develop small, hard-to-detect leaks that can cause long-term trouble. You should be able to find a drain line leak by turning all of the faucets in the house on and then doing a close visual inspection of the pipes in the basement.

6. Windows and Doors

Broken glass or aging seals around windows and doors allow easy access for water. Have someone spray water from a hose at basement windows and doors while you look for leaks inside.

7. High Humidity

A basement that is moist most of the time usually has some type of condensation problem. You can tackle the most common causes by following the advice in this article.

8. High Water Table

This is one of the toughest wet basement challenges. The water table is the line between saturated and unsaturated soil. It can vary by season and location, and even a heavy rainfall can cause the water table to rise. There's not much you can do to change the water table, but you can reduce its damaging effects with interior or exterior drainage systems or with a sump pump.

Machine Drill

There are two types of machine drill, the bench drill and the pillar drill. The bench drill is used for drilling holes through materials including a range of woods, plastics and metals. It is normally bolted to a bench so that it cannot be pushed over and that larger pieces of material can be drilled safely. The larger version of the machine drill is called the pillar drill. This has a long column which stands on the floor. This can do exactly the same work as the bench drill but because of its larger size it is capable of being used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce larger holes.

SAFETY 1. Always use the guard.

2. Wear goggles when drilling materials.
3. Clamp the materials down or use a machine vice.
4. Never hold materials by hand while drilling.
5. Always allow the ‘chippings’ to clear the drill by drilling a small amount at a time.
6. Follow all teacher instructions carefully.

1. Draw a bench drill and label the most important parts.
2. List safety factors regarding the use of the drilling machines.
3. Demonstrate the use of the bench/pillar drill to a group of pupils, emphasising safety.

Safety 1st : The Fret Saw

The fretsaw is a general workshop machine. It is used to cut and shape light materials such as perspex, MDF and plywood. Fretsaws are made by different companies and they range in price depending on the quality of machine. The most expensive and probably the best are manufactured by the German company ‘Hegner’. These can be used to cut very detailed shapes and they are supplied with different types of blade according to the material that is to be cut.

Cheaper fretsaws are still very useful and they can cut a range of materials. The materials cut more easily if they are quite thin, for instance, any material thicker than 10mm would be difficult to shape. The general rule is that the thicker the material, the slower the machine operator pushes the work against the blade.

Although fretsaws are common machines they are still dangerous if the operator is careless and if he/she does not keep in mind safe working practices. It is important to use the guard is this is the first line of defence if a blade breaks. Goggles should also be worn for eye protection. The operator should know where the ‘on’ the ‘off’ buttons are and be able to use them. The material should be fed into the blade slowly and it needs to be gently held down on the table of the machine as this will prevent it from vibrating. The fretsaw should not be turned off whilst the blade is cutting the material especially if the material is then moved - this could twist the blade and it could be broken or damaged the next time the fretsaw is turned on.

The fretsaw blade can be seen to the right. The blade is always set up in the fretsaw with the teeth pointing downwards. If the blade is set up the wrong way round, with the teeth pointing upwards - when the fretsaw is turned on the material will lift from the table and the blade may shatter.

Operating a Bulldozer Requires Special Safety Rules

Operating a Bulldozer Requires Special Safety Rules

The bulldozer was invented primarily for farm work such as ploughing fields. It has become more powerful and sophisticated with time and modernization of heavy equipment. Learning to handle this giant earthmover requires the operator to know certain safety rules to keep everyone safe.

If you haven’t seen a bulldozer, than you may not realize the massive size of this heavy equipment. This monster machine’s pure size, if not operated correctly, can cause injury and even death to the operator, the ground crew and destruction to anything else in its way — including other equipment.

We all heard about general heavy equipment safety tips but there are safety rules that need to be followed specifically for the bulldozer.

Bulldozer safety tips :

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Only qualified and trained drivers should operate a bulldozer. This isn’t an equipment anybody with can just hop in and operate. In fact, if there is just one bulldozer operator on the team, than he or she should be the sole operator — no substitutions even if the need may arise.

Common sense safety steps such as wearing a safety belt need to be followed. A safety belt may just save you from head injury.

Before attempting to work, operators must make sure nothing is obstructing the area and that the machine and all parts are working properly. The horn is one thing that should be tested.

Communication and inspection of the bulldozer area work site is extremely important. Operators should coordinate with the traffic department and make sure there is a lead person who will control and take responsibility of the traffic while work is in progress. Road blocks or flagman can be utilized to keep areas safe for bulldozer use.

Bulldozer operators should get in the habit of looking up when conducting inspections. This is because bulldozers can actually run into overhead power lines that might cause a possible accident. This is the same for looking below since a trench or an excavation area can cause mechanical and structural damage to the equipment as well as possible risk for injury to the operator

Safety is important in handling any kind of equipment, but specific safety tips should be followed for the bulldozer operator. A good professional heavy equipment school can help you learn about those tips and rules. Learning the important of safety before getting in the driver’s seat can save a life — maybe yours.

Type Of Heat Exchanger

Heat exchangers are devices whose primary responsibility is the transfer (exchange) of heat, typically from one fluid to another. However, they are not only used in heating applications, such as space heaters, but are also used in cooling applications, such as refrigerators and air conditioners. Many types of heat exchangers can be distinguished from on another based on the direction the liquids flow. In such applications, the heat exchangers can be and be parallel-flow, cross-flow, or countercurrent. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, both fluid involved move in the same direction, entering and exiting the exchanger side by side. In cross-flow heat exchangers, the fluid paths run perpendicular to one another. In countercurrent heat exchangers, the fluid paths flow in opposite directions, with each exiting where the other enters. Countercurrent heat exchangers tend to be more effective than other types of exchangers.

Aside from classifying heat exchangers based on fluid direction, there are types that vary mainly in their composition. Some heat exchangers are comprised of multiple tubes, whereas others consist of hot plates with room for fluid to flow between them. It’s important to keep in mind that not all heat exchangers depend on the transfer of heat from liquid to liquid, but in certain cases use other mediums instead.

Types of Heat Exchangers

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Shell and tube heat exchangers are comprised of multiple tubes through which liquid flows. The tubes are divided into two sets: the first set contains the liquid to be heated or cooled. The second set contains the liquid responsible for triggering the heat exchange, and either removes heat from the first set of tubes by absorbing and transmitting heat away—in essence, cooling the liquid—or warms the set by transmitting its own heat to the liquid inside. When designing this type of exchanger, care must be taken in determining the correct tube wall thickness as well as tube diameter, to allow optimum heat exchange. In terms of flow, shell and tube heat exchangers can assume any of three flow path patterns.

Plate Heat Exchanger

Plate heat exchangers consist of thin plates joined together, with a small amount of space between each plate, typically maintained by a small rubber gasket. The surface area is large, and the corners of each rectangular plate feature an opening through which fluid can flow between plates, extracting heat from the plates as it flows. The fluid channels themselves alternate hot and cold fluids, meaning that heat exchangers can effectively cool as well as heat fluid—they are often used in refrigeration applications. Because plate heat exchangers have such a large surface area, they are often more effective than shell and tube heat exchangers.

Regenerative Heat Exchanger

In a regenerative heat exchanger, the same fluid is passed along both sides of the exchanger, which can be either a plate heat exchanger or a shell and tube heat exchanger. Because the fluid can get very hot, the exiting fluid is used to warm the incoming fluid, maintaining a near constant temperature. A large amount of energy is saved in a regenerative heat exchanger because the process is cyclical, with almost all relative heat being transferred from the exiting fluid to the incoming fluid. To maintain a constant temperature, only a little extra energy is need to raise and lower the overall fluid temperature.

Adiabatic Wheel Heat Exchanger

In this type of heat exchanger, an intermediate fluid is used to store heat, which is then transferred to the opposite side of the exchanger unit. An adiabatic wheel consists of a large wheel with threads that rotate through the fluids—both hot and cold—to extract or transfer heat.